Fórmula da aliança e o povo de Deus em Apocalipse 21.3 e 7 em relação a Gênesis 17.7-8
Palavras-chave:
Fórmula da Aliança, Vínculo, Povo, Tabernáculo, Nova Jerusalém, VencedorResumo
O presente artigo busca esclarecer a identidade do povo de Deus em Apocalipse 21.3 e 7 em relação a Gênesis 17.7-8 por meio da fórmula da aliança, que indica: “Eu serei o seu Deus, e vocês serão o meu povo.” Basicamente, a relação de aliança no Antigo Testamento sempre se refere aos israelitas, entre Deus e o seu povo, Israel. Contudo, Apocalipse 21.3 não parece seguir a descrição típica da outra parte da aliança, o povo de Israel. Com base em Apocalipse 5.9-10 e 7.9, o autor do Apocalipse designa a identificação do povo como sendo de “toda tribo, língua, povo e nação.” Este artigo, concentrando-se na primeira fórmula da aliança, em Gênesis 17.7-8, e na última fórmula da aliança, em Apocalipse 21.3 e 7, na Bíblia, esclarece quem é o povo de Deus por meio da relação de aliança encontrada nas duas passagens. Primeiramente, este artigo aborda a origem e a função da fórmula da aliança nas Escrituras, partindo do conceito básico da própria aliança. Em segundo lugar, o artigo analisa a relação entre Apocalipse 21.3 e 7 e Gênesis 17.7-8 em conexão com a presença de Deus entre os homens e, em seguida, com os vencedores por meio da fórmula da aliança.
Referências
ALEXANDER, T. Desmond. “Further Observations on the Term ‘Seed’ in Genesis,” Tyndale Bulletin 48, no. 2 (1997): 363-367.
AUNE, David E. Revelation 17-22. Word Biblical Commentary vol. 52C. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1998.
BEACHAM, Roy. “Ancient Near Eastern Covenants.” Journal of Ministry & Theology vol. 15 (2011): 110-128.
BEALE, G. K. The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text. The New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Williams B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999.
BORING, M. Eugene. Revelation. Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Louisville: John Knox Press, 1989.
BURNS, J. Lanier. “The Biblical Use of Marriage to Illustrate Covenantal Relationships.” Bibliotheca Sacra 173 (2016): 273-296.
CAIRD, G. B. A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John the Divine. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1966.
DUMBRELL, William J. The End of the Beginning: Revelation 21-22 and the Old Testament. The Moor Theological College Lectures 1983. Homebush West, N.S.W.: Lance Books, 1985.
ELWELL, Walter A. (ed.). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2001. s.v. “Covenant” by G. L. Archer Jr.
FALK, Ze’ev W. Hebrew Law in Biblical Times: An Introduction. Jerusalem: Wahrmann Books, 1964.
FALK, Ze’ev W. Introduction to Jewish Law of the Second Commonwealth. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1978.
FREIRE, Lucas G. “Covenant and International Relations in the Ancient Near East: A Preliminary Exploration.” Antiguo Oriente vol. 11 (2013): 129-154.
GOOD, Robert McClive. The Sheep of his Pasture: A Study of the Hebrew Noun ‘Am(m) and Its Semitic Cognates. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983.
GOPPELT, Leonhard. Typos: The Typological Interpretation of the Old Testament in the New. trans. Donald H. Madvig. Grand Rapids, MI: Williams B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1982.
GUTHRIE, Donald. The Revelation of John’s Apocalypse. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1987.
HASEL, Gerhard F. New Testament Theology: Basic Issues in the Current Debate. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1978.
HORTON, Michael. Introducing Covenant Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2006.
HOSKINS, Paul M. The Book of Revelation: A Theological and Exegetical Commentary. North Charleston, SC: Christodoulos Publications, 2017.
JONES, David W.; TARWATER, John K. “Are Biblical Covenants Dissoluble?: Toward a Theology of Marriage.” Southwestern Journal of Theology vol. 47 no. 1 (2004): 1-11.
KALLUVEETTIL, Paul. Declaration and Covenant: A Comprehensive Review of Covenant Formulae from the Old Testament and the Ancient Near East. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1982.
KEENER, Craig S. Revelation. The NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2000.
KLINE, Meredith G. Treaty of the Great King: The Covenant Structure of Deuteronomy-Studies and Commentary. Eugene, OR: Wipe & Stock, 1963.
KOESTER, Craig R. Revelation: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.
LADD, George Eldon. A Commentary on the Revelation of John. Grand Rapids, MI: Williams B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1972.
LILLBACK, Peter A. The Binding of God: Calvin’s Role in the Development of Covenant Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2001.
MATHEWSON, David L. Revelation: A Handbook on the Greek Text. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2016.
MOUNCE, Robert H. The Book of Revelation. Grand Rapids, MI: Williams B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977.
OSBORNE, Grant R. Revelation. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002.
PATTERSON, Paige. Revelation. The New American Commentary vol. 39. Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing Group, 2012.
PYNE, Robert A. “The ‘Seed,’ the Spirit, and the Blessing of Abraham.” Bibliotheca Sacra 152 (1995): 211-22.
RAND, Jan A Du. “The New Jerusalem as Pinnacle of Salvation: Text (Rev 21:1-22:5) and Intertext.” Neotestamentica 38, no. 2 (2004): 275-302.
RENDTORFF, Rolf. The Covenant Formula: An Exegetical and Theological Investigation. trans. Margaret Kohl. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998.
ROBERTSON, O. Palmer. The Christ of the Covenants. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian And Reformed Publishing Co., 1980.
ROEHRS, Walter R. “Covenant Theme of the Old Testament.” Concordia Journal 3 no. 1 (1977): 25-32.
SCHELLENBERG, Ryan. “Seed of Abraham (Friesen?): Universality and Ethnieity in Paul.” Direction 44, no. 1 (2015): 16-29.
SMALLEY, Stephen S. The Revelation to John: A Commentary on the Greek Text of the Apocalypse. Downers Grove, Il: InterVarsity Press, 2005.
SOHN, Seock-Tae. The Divine Election of Israel. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1991.
SOHN, Seock-Tae. “‘I will be Your God and You Will Be My People’: The Origin and Background of the Covenant Formula.” In Ki Baruch Hu: Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Judaic Studies in Honor of Baruch A. Levine, ed. Robert Chazan, William W. Hallo, and Lawrence H. Schiffman. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1999.
SWETE, Henry Barclay. The Apocalypse of St John: The Greek Text with Introduction Notes and Indices. London: Macmillan, 1911.
WALL, Robert W. Revelation: Based on the New International Version. New International Biblical Commentary. Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson Publishers, 1991.
WALTON, John H. Covenant: God’s Purpose, God’s Plan. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994.
WALVOORD, John F. The Revelation of Jesus Christ. Chicago: Moody Press, 1966.
WEINFELD, M. “berit” in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, ed. G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren. trans. John T. Willis. Grand Rapids, MI: Williams B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1975.
WILCOX, Max. “The Promise of the ‘Seed’ in the New Testament and the Targumim.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 5 (1979): 2-20.
WITHERINGTON III, Ben. Revelation. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
YEATTS, John R. Revelation. Believers Church Bible Commentary. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 2003.